Every day, the average city flushes away enough wastewater to fill an Olympic swimming pool every few seconds—loaded with grease from restaurants, heavy metals from factories, pharmaceuticals from households, and microplastics from yesterday's shopping bags. Most of it races through aging pipes toward rivers and oceans, threatening drinking water, killing fish, and turning once-pristine coastlines...
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Comprehensive Understanding of Dispersants PAM in Paper Mills Dispersants PAM (Polyacrylamide) are anionic or nonionic water-soluble polymers designed to optimize pulp dispersion, improve fiber suspension stability, and minimize aggregation during paper production. Their molecular structure contains carboxyl and amide functional groups that interact with pulp fibers, pigments, and fillers, crea...
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Dispersants PAM (Polyacrylamide) are anionic or nonionic water-soluble polymers designed to optimize pulp dispersion, improve fiber suspension stability, and minimize aggregation during paper production. Their molecular structure contains carboxyl and amide functional groups that interact with pulp fibers, pigments, and fillers, creating electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance. This not only ...
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Mechanisms: How polyacrylamide precipitates and bridges organic colloidal particles Polyacrylamide (PAM) causes removal of organic colloids primarily by two complementary physical–chemical mechanisms: charge neutralization (precipitation) and bridging flocculation. In charge neutralization, cationic PAM (or partially hydrolyzed PAM in the presence of multivalent cations) reduces the electrostatic ...
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